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A separate tier of federal appellate courts was created in 1891, relieving Supreme Court justices of their circuit-riding duties. But with adjustments over time, the basic structure established in 1789 remains recognizable in the federal court system today. Happy Federal Courts

The system established in 1789 proved remarkably durable. According to the National Archives, the federal judicial system remained essentially as established by the Judiciary Act for nearly a century, with major changes coming only after the nation expanded and the Civil War.

The Judiciary Act also defined what kinds of cases the federal courts could hear. Congress gave the district and circuit courts limited jurisdiction, while establishing the Supreme Court’s original and appellate jurisdiction within the framework of the Constitution.

he Act also created three federal circuits, the Eastern, Middle, and Southern circuits. These circuit courts were composed of two Supreme Court justices and the district judge from the relevant district.

The Act established the Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. It also divided the country into 13 federal districts, with a district court and district judge established for each.

Article III established the judicial branch but left many details for Congress to determine. The First Congress therefore faced fundamental questions about the structure and the jurisdiction of the federal courts. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided the answers.

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