Contrary to the arguments of some, James Madison, like most other Framers, envisioned America neither as a Christian or secular state, but rather a godly republic, a constitutional regime that acknowledged the God of Abraham and permitted religion to be both seen and heard in the public square, while promoting religious pluralism and forbidding religious tests for citizenship and office-holding. In 1952, in Zorach v. Clauson, U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, even while upholding the hideous, Catholic-baiting, no-aid separation doctrine invented a half-decade earlier by his ex-Klansman colleague, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black (Everson v. Board of Education), nonetheless wrote that America’s political system “presupposes a Supreme Being,” and warned church-state separation extremists against trying to outlaw and eradicate even indirect government ties to religion....